Facts About the Bastille Day Holiday in France

Bastille Day, the French national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille, which took place on July 14, 1789 and marked the beginning of the French Revolution. The Bastille was a prison and a symbol of the absolute and arbitrary power of Louis the 16ths Ancient Regime. By capturing this symbol, the people signaled that the kings power was no longer absolute: power should be based on the Nation and be limited by a separation of powers. Etymology Bastille is an alternate spelling of bastide (fortification), from the Provenà §al word bastida (built). Theres also a verb: embastiller (to establish troops in a prison). Although the Bastille only held seven prisoners at the time of its capture, the storming of the prison was a symbol of liberty and the fight against oppression for all French citizens; like the Tricolore flag, it symbolized the Republics three ideals: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity for all French citizens. It marked the end of absolute monarchy, the birth of the sovereign Nation, and, eventually, the creation of the (First) Republic, in 1792. Bastille Day was declared the French national holiday on July 6, 1880, on Benjamin Raspails recommendation, when the new Republic was firmly entrenched. Bastille Day has such a strong signification for the French because the holiday symbolizes the birth of the Republic. La Marseillaise La Marseillaise was written in 1792 and declared the French national anthem in 1795. Read and listen to the words. As in the US, where the signing of the Declaration of Independence signaled the start of the American Revolution, in France the storming of the Bastille began the Great Revolution. In both countries, the national holiday thus symbolizes the beginning of a new form of government. On the one-year anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, delegates from every region of France proclaimed their allegiance to a single national community during the Fà ªte de la Fà ©dà ©ration in Paris—the first time in history that a people had claimed their right to self-determination. The French Revolution The French Revolution had numerous causes which are greatly simplified and summarized here: Parliament wanted the king to share his absolute powers with an oligarchic parliament.Priests and other low-level religious figures wanted more money.Nobles also wanted to share some of the kings power.The middle class wanted the right to own land and to vote.The lower class were quite hostile in general and farmers were angry about tithes and feudal rights.Some historians claim that the revolutionaries were opposed to Catholicism more than to the king or the upper classes.

War Is A Catastrophe By Ernest Hemingway - 984 Words

War is a catastrophe. â€Å" It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry† (Hemingway 216). War brings even the most durable people down to their knees and transforms them to something worn down and decrepit. In the tragic war novel, A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway describes the war with great detail and all of the calamities that come with it. That is because war destroys everything. It kills everything that it stumbles upon. It creates monsters and establishes nightmares that the soldiers take home to their families. All of the screams and the explosions reside in one s ears, wetness and warmth of blood on one s body, and the weight of the artillery on one’s heart will never be forgotten. If war is this terrible how can things like nature, people, and love even co-exist? Well, A Farewell to Arms, is the perfect first look into that world. The first thing that war tends to trample on is nature and all of the societies built on that foundation. Even in the novel it foreshadows that war destroys nature from the very first page, â€Å"Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees, the trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year†¦ and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves† (Hemingway3). In this situation the soldiers symbolize war and the treesShow MoreRelatedThe Lost Generation Analysis920 Words   |  4 PagesThe Lost Generation was a time of sadness and remorse the authors used these emotions in their literature. It was a time period after World War l when people came of age and started to not be serious since they realized that life is so short. It also reflected in literature like Fitzgerald, T.S Eliot, and Ernest Hemingway. 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Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

Question: Discuss about the Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience. Answer: Introduction The fact sheet is about the role of action potential and its use in the field of physiology. The fact sheet gives insight into the process of action potential and its function in cell to cell communication. The characteristics related to its function well-defines its importance in contraction of muscle cells and movement. The fact sheet also gives detail on the recovery period after an action potential and the consequences of manipulation in action potential. Action potential is a an event occurring in the membrane of the nerve cell or muscle cell which leads to the reversal of electric polarization of the membrane of the nerve cell. In the neuron, an action potential travels down the axon to change the polarity across the membrane. It results in the opening of the Na+ and K + gated ion channel. This gate closes once the threshold potential is reached. The initiation of the action potential is associated with depolarization (due to the transport of Na+ ions into the axon). Repolarization occurs when the K+ channel opens and moves out of the axon. Due to the change in polarity, the impulse travels down from the axon to other neurons (1). The main function of action potential is to engage in cell to cell communication by means of transmission of signals from axon to axon terminals and then into other neurons. It is also involved in activating intracellular processes in muscle cells. For example, action potential leads to contraction of muscle cells. During the action potential, positively charged ions move inside the neural membrane and the negatively charged ions moves out. The increase in the positive charge results in the generation of electric impulse, which passes down the nerve. In the muscle cells, it helps to produce the necessary contraction required for movement (2). As reflected from the explanation of the function role of action potential, potassium and sodium ion channel are mainly involved during this process. Both the channel plays role in all the stages of action potential such as the depolarization, repolarization and the refractory stage (3). The detail regarding the process in each stage and the involvement of both the channels is explained below. During the action potential, neourotransmitters or sensory receptors stimulate the cell in the membrane. As the sodium on diffuse into this part of the cell, the membrane slowly shift towards negative polarization stage. Finally, the potential reaches a threshold potential resulting in the opening of the calcium ions. This is followed by depolarization so that the impulse moves and takes place in other parts of the membrane. Characteristics related to its function The main characteristics of action potential are related to the depolarization of the cell due to transmit signals. Its function also reflect communication characteristics as generation of electric impulse during action potential act as a form of communication between the sensory receptors, muscles, brain and spinal cord. There is no strong or weak signal in action potential. It reaches either threshold value or the resting potential (4). There are three stages of action potential. They are: Depolarization stage- First the neuron is in resting potential due to high concentration of positive ions outside the cell and negative ions inside the cell. Depolarization occurs when positive sodium ions rushes inside the cell and reverses the polarity of the membrane. Repolarization stage- Once the electric gradient has reached the threshold value, the Na+ and K+ gate opens and positive charged potassium ions comes out from the neuron. In this way, the negative membrane potential is restored. Refractory phase- This occurs during the action potential when the sodium gate can open only when the membrane is repolarized to its resting potential. Hence, another action potential cannot occur in this stage (5). Recover after an action potential The period after the action potential has taken place in a neuron is called the refractory period in which another action potential cannot take place. Refractory period can be called a recovery time in which similar action cannot be repeated by cell. It is also defined as the time required for a second stimulus to occur once an excitable membrane returns to its resting stage. In this period, the potassium channel opens again and the sodium channel closes (6). Hence, the neuron returns back to its resting potential. After this recovery, another action potential is possible in the cell. The action potential is often manipulated to obtain a predetermined motor action from specific muscle. In some case the extra-cellular concentration of sodium and potassium ion is manipulated due to get a desired result. Manipulation is also done for cardiac potential to stimulate cardiac Calcium channel to open early. This results in increased contraction force. The advancement in molecular technology also lead to cloning of genes for different channels. By this experimental manipulation of the channels, genes were expressed. Researchers could easily identify the specific function properties of different parts of the channel such as the voltage sensitivity and kinetics of cellular interaction (7). Reference Sherwood L. Human physiology: from cells to systems. Cengage learning; 2015. Levitan IB, Kaczmarek LK. The neuron: cell and molecular biology. Oxford University Press, USA; 2015. Wolff M, Schnbel-Ehehalt R, Mhling J, Weigand MA, Olschewski A. Mechanisms of Lidocaines Action on Subtypes of Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons Subject to the Diverse Roles of Na+ and K+ Channels in Action Potential Generation. Anesthesia Analgesia. 2014 Aug 1;119(2):463-70. Byrne JH, Heidelberger R, Waxham MN, editors. From molecules to networks: an introduction to cellular and molecular neuroscience. Academic Press; 2014 May 23. Myerburg RJ, Stewart JW, Ross SM, Hoffman BF. On-line measurement of duration of cardiac action potentials and refractory periods. Journal of applied physiology. 2016 Mar 24;28(1):92-3. Stengel R. Introduction to Neural Networks!. Lewis JE, Gilmour KM, Moorhead MJ, Perry SF, Markham MR. Action potential energetics at the organismal level reveal a trade-off in efficiency at high firing rates. Journal of Neuroscience. 2014 Jan 1;34(1):197-201. Lawson R, Graham J, Baker K. History of Psychology. Routledge; 2015 Oct 6.

Nursing theorists Essay Example

Nursing theorists Essay This chapter consists of five parts namely: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms and (5) Delimitation of the Study. Background of the Study and Theoretical Framework Since early times, the nursing profession has evolved in response to the changing needs of society. Globalization has altered the structure of the society which resulted to the emergence of new nursing habits, standards, customs, values and knowledge in response to the health of the population. Nursing education has been grounded in research associated with value orientation and a professional standard of practice. Therapeutic nursing interventions are supported by the middle range theories and accompanying research and a culmination of how the world views the profession and nursing practice. Nursing theorists through time had improved the standards of nurses and health care delivery and also the expectation that care should be based on compassion, observation, and knowledge. Florence Nightingale, considered as the founder of modern nursing, specifically defined the nature of nursing clearly as distinct and not subservient to medicine, as a calling, as an art and science requiring specific education. Humanity has considered nurses to be ‘the most trusted people’ because the values of confidentiality and privacy have long been rooted. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing theorists specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing theorists specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing theorists specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nurses are also expected to emanate the values of humanism and holism that have long been integrated in the foundation of nursing. Values are standards or qualities considered worthwhile and desirable. Values are also closely tied to the self since they act as guiding principles in one’s life and motivate and guide behaviour to the degree those values are important to the self (Hitlin, 2003; Hitlin Piliavin, 2004; Verplanken Holland, 2002). A person’s value system is composed of broad beliefs developed through early learning, upbringing and socialization within the family and later at school, with peers and through life experiences and work. The cultural context in which this develops is also very important. Attitudes are underpinned by values, which are broad and less specific than attitude. Values underpin an individual’s ‘philosophy of life’ which is then applied to everyday life. They may relate to moral, ethical or religious issues as well as health, gender roles, family life and environment (Emerson, 2007). In the nursing profession, nurses are sometimes faced with ethico-moral and legal issues that may question their own beliefs and values. Also, they are expected to preserve the values and prestige that have been set by earlier nursing models. Today’s nursing students are considered as the future’s nurses. It is embedded in the core values of nursing education the right attitude of a professional nurse. The reality is that the nursing faculty are the gatekeepers of the profession and they retain the ultimate responsibility for determining whether students are competent to graduate and enter the profession. According to the study of Belo (1997), significant differences in values orientation were noted between nurse-educators. The older nurse-educators classified according to age and work assignment. The older nurse educators showed to show more preference to personal competence values than the younger nurse educators. Factors such as age, work assignment and family responsibility were found to significantly predict values orientation among nurse educators. Nursing educators serve as role models to nursing students and must therefore impart the proper values needed in order for them to become better nurses in the future. Through the identification of the set of values to which nursing students live by significantly predicts reasons for student’s behaviour, degree aspirations and commitment to school-related activities and this has motivated the researchers to pursue such study. Rokeach Values Theory Milton Rokeach drew attention to the fact that social psychologists tend to ignore the ignore the concept of value, favoring instead to focus on the psychology of attitudes. He saw values as general beliefs that are more abstract than either attitudes or specific beliefs. Attitudes and specific beliefs are associated with particular objects and events, whereas Rokeach proposes that values transcend objects and situations. He conceptualizes values as the general beliefs that people hold about desirable and undesirable modes of conduct and end states of existence. Thus, honesty as a mode of conduct might be preferred to dishonesty; honesty is seen as desirable and dishonesty as undesirable. Equality, as an end state of existence of general goal, might be preferred to inequality; it is seen as more desirable than inequality. Values, therefore, involve general beliefs about what is to be preferred in relation to desirable versus undesirable ways of behaving and desirable versus undesirable general goals. He called the former types of values, instrumental values, and the latter types, terminal values. Note, however, that Rokeach does not view values as â€Å"cold† beliefs. He argues that people usually feel strongly about their central and will protect and defend them, as is evident when these values are challenged or frustrated, when people are confronted by difficult moral choices, when they become involved in personal and social conflicts of various kinds, and when their values are satisfied and fulfilled. Rokeach assumes that values are relatively stable properties of persons but are not unchanging across the life span. Some values that are important for an adolescent may not be so important for an older person. Indeed they may be superseded by other values that become more important as a person takes on new roles and responsibilities, such as moving into labor force and raising a family. Rokeach proposes that the antecedents of values can be traced to culture, society and its institutions, and to personality. He states they are: the joint results of sociological as well as psychological forces acting upon the individual – sociological because society and its institutions socialize the individual for the common good to intenalize shared conceptions of the desirablel psychological because individual motivations require cognitive expression, justification, and indeed exhortation in socially desirable terms. The consequences of values are many and various. They function as standards Our study is anchored on Rokeachs Values defined the value concept as â€Å"an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence†. The publication of Rokeach’s book The Nature of Human Values caused a surge of empirical studies which investigated the role of human values in many branches of psychology and sociology. In the last decades, human values have been investigated in divergent scientific domains such as political ideology, e. g. Rokeach, 1973), personality assessment e. g. (Heaven, 1993), moral reasoning e. g. (Weber, 1993), or process and outcome of psychotherapy, e. g. (Kelly, 1990). In these and many other studies the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), an instrument which was designed by Rokeach to operationalize the value concept, has been used as an instrument for measuring personal and social values. The popularity of the RVS results f rom the fact that Rokeach’s (1973) definition and instrumentation of the value construct is more coherent and psychometrically sound than other instruments currently available (Kelly, 1990). The RVS distinguishes two kinds of values: instrumental, referring to modes of conduct and reflecting behavioral characteristics that are seen as socially desirable and terminal, referring to end states of existence or ultimate modes of living which have been idealized. This study presumes that the values orientation of senior nursing students of West Visayas State University is influenced by the interplay of certain factors illustrated in Figure 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLEDEPENDENT VARIABLE Personal Factors: Values orientation of senior nursing students of West Visayas State University -Sex Religious Affiliation -Socio-economic status -Ordinal Rank in the Family Environmental Factors: -School type of high school affiliation -Family type Figure 1. Values orientation of senior nursing students as influenced by certain factors. Statement of the Problem and the Hypothesis This study aims to determine the values orientation of senior nursing students of West Visayas State University. Specifi cally, this study aimed to seek answers to the following questions: 1. What is the values orientation of the senior nursing students of West Visayas State University? 2. Are there significant differences in values orientation among nursing students of West Visayas State University according to: (a) Sex, (b) Religious Affiliation, (c) Socio-economic status, (d) Ordinal rank in the family, (e) School type of high school affiliation (f) Family type? In view of the aforementioned problems, the following hypotheses were advanced: 1. There is no significant difference in values orientation among nursing students of West Visayas State University according to: (a) Sex, (b) Religious Affiliation, (c) Socio-economic status, (d) Ordinal rank in the family, (e) School type of high school affiliation (f) Family type. . There is a significant difference in values orientation among nursing students of West Visayas State University according to: (a) Sex, (b) Religious Affiliation, (c) Socio-economic status, (d) Ordinal rank in the family, (e) School type of high school affiliation (f) Family type. Significance of the Study This study will benefit the students in inc reasing their awareness of themselves; on what values they are anchored to as to which their behaviors and attitudes reflect. By giving them such awareness would help them consider the values and right attitude of a nurse that they should portray. It would assist them in considering the career choice they have made and pondering on what kind of nurses in the future would they be. According to Johnson Halstead (2005), there is little doubt that a relationship with students is characterized by openness, mutual respect, and a collaborative approach to learning will reduce the potential for problematic or adversarial experience. In connection to this, the nursing faculty will also benefit from this study as this will serve as a basis for the modification of the faculty’s teaching strategies in order to meet the personal qualities of the student. This will increase the awareness of the faculty in order for them to adjust sanctions, policies and regulations to improve student performance and attitude. The ability of the faculty to personalize their approach to students in the learning environment surely contributes to the quality of teacher-student relationships and to the overall value of the learning experience. The Board of Nursing and the Commission of Higher Education will also benefit from this study in the light that it will give them insight on the nursing students’ value orientation that they may adjust or incorporate value-laden subjects in the curriculum in order to produce better nurses. Health Institutions The community Definition of Terms For purposes of clarity and understanding, the following conceptual and operational definitions of the key words in the present investigation will be defined: Values – something as a principle or quality that is intrinsically valuable or desirable. Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary of English Language  © 2001) Orientation the act or process of orienting or of being intellectually, emotionally, or functionally directed. (Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary of English Language  © 2001) Values Orientation the principles of right and wrong that are accepted by an individual or a social group. (Retrieved September 18, 2009 from http://www. dictionary. com/values) In this study, values orientation is referred to as set of human values to which senior nursing students of West Visayas State University live by. This values act as a guide for their specific behaviors. Senior Nursing Students – In the study, a senior nursing student would mean any person who is currently enrolled in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing Curriculum level four at the West Visayas State University. West Visayas State University – West Visayas State University will be the institution where the research will take place. Delimitation of the Study This study aims to determine the values orientation of senior nursing students of West Visayas State University. This study will be conducted on October-November 2009 and the participants of the study will be the 118 out of 170 senior nursing students of West Visayas State University. The sample size will be determined using the formula for solving sample size by Lynch (1979, in Ardales 2000) The stratified random sampling will be used to determine the participants. This descriptive-correlational study considered sex, religious affiliation, ordinal rank in the family, socio-economic status, school type of high school affiliation and family type as independent variables; values orientation as dependent variable. The data needed for this study will be gathered through the Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973). To describe the data gathered, frequency, percentage, the mean scores and standard deviation will be used. For inferential analysis, the t-test for independent samples and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be employed. All inferential statistics will be set at . 05 alpha. Pearson’s r set at . 05 alpha levels will be used for correlation.